The shift of ravi river and the geomorphological features along its course in amritsar and gurdaspur districts of punjab     

Abraham Thomas  PK Sharma 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》1998,26(1-2):57-68

Satellite remote sensing technique can be effectively utilised in mapping and monitoring the river course changes and associated geomorphological features. Ravi river, flowing along the Indo-Pakistan border, has been in the limelight for its repeated flood havoc during monsoon and abrupt encroachment at some places in the Indian territory, where it was not flowing earlier. This river, meandering in zig-zag fashion along the International boundary in Amritsar and Gurdaspur districts of Punjab, poses perennial threats to the nations’s economy due to extensive destruction happening every year. An attempt has been made to map the shift of this river and the associated geomorphological features along its course using the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite data (IRS-IA and IB LISS-IIFCC) of the period 1991–1993 and the Survey of India topographic sheets of the period 1972–1973. The study shows that there has been drastic changes in the course of Ravi during a span of 20 years due to human activities along its course. The river has shifted its course considerably towards India since its topography is against it. River training structures/bundhs, built by the neighbouring country, across and very near to the earlier river course has been the main reason for this drastic shifting. It is estimated that such massive structures could turn the river course towards India by atleast 1 to 5 km in the border districts of Punjab. This shifting of Ravi along international border poses a serious threat to the Nation’s defence system.  相似文献   

Geologic and tectonic evolution of the Himalaya before and after the India-Asia collision     

Kewal K. Sharma 《Journal of Earth System Science》1998,107(4):265-282

The geology and tectonics of the Himalaya has been reviewed in the light of new data and recent studies by the author. The data suggest that the Lesser Himalayan Gneissic Basement (LHGB) represents the northern extension of the Bundelkhand craton, Northern Indian shield and the large scale granite magmatism in the LHGB towards the end of the Palæoproterozoic Wangtu Orogeny, stabilized the early crust in this region between 2-1.9 Ga. The region witnessed rapid uplift and development of the Lesser Himalayan rift basin, wherein the cyclic sedimentation continued during the Palæoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic. The Tethys basin with the Vaikrita rocks at its base is suggested to have developed as a younger rift basin (～ 900 Ma ago) to the north of the Lesser Himalayan basin, floored by the LHGB. The southward shifting of the Lesser Himalayan basin marked by the deposition of Jaunsar-Simla and Blaini-Krol-Tal cycles in a confined basin, the changes in the sedimentation pattern in the Tethys basin during late Precambrian-Cambrian, deformation and the large scale granite activity (～ 500 ± 50 Ma), suggests a strong possibility of late Precambrian-Cambrian Kinnar Kailas Orogeny in the Himalaya. From the records of the oceanic crust of the Neo-Tethys basin, subduction, arc growth and collision, well documented from the Indus-Tsangpo suture zone north of the Tethys basin, it is evident that the Himalayan region has been growing gradually since Proterozoic, with a northward shift of the depocentre induced by N-S directed alternating compression and extension. During the Himalayan collision scenario, the 10–12km thick unconsolidated sedimentary pile of the Tethys basin (TSS), trapped between the subducting continental crust of the Indian plate and the southward thrusting of the oceanic crust of the Neo-Tethys and the arc components of the Indus-Tangpo collision zone, got considerably thickened through large scale folding and intra-formational thrusting, and moved southward as the Kashmir Thrust Sheet along the Panjal Thrust. This brought about early phase (M1) Barrovian type metamorphism of underlying Vaikrita rocks. With the continued northward push of the Indian Plate, the Vaikrita rocks suffered maximum compression, deformation and remobilization, and exhumed rapidly as the Higher Himalayan Crystallines (HHC) during Oligo-Miocene, inducing gravity gliding of its Tethyan sedimentary cover. Further, it is the continental crust of the LHGB that is suggested to have underthrust the Himalaya and southern Tibet, its cover rocks stacked as thrust slices formed the Himalayan mountain and its decollement surface reflected as the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT), in the INDEPTH profile.  相似文献   

Incursion of the Pacific Ocean Water into the Indian Ocean     

G S Sharma  A D Gouveia  Shubha Satyendranath 《Journal of Earth System Science》1978,87(3):29-45

Using the data collected during the International Indian Ocean Expedition, maps showing the distribution of depth, acceleration potential, salinity and oxyty were prepared for the northeast monsoon for the four potential thermosteric anomaly surfaces: 160, 120, 80 and 60 cl/t. Zonal components of current along 84°E were computed from the geopotential dynamic heights. From such an analysis, it became clear that low-salinity water from the Pacific intrudes into the western Indian Ocean through the Banda and Timor seas in the upper layers above 100 cl/t surface, while the North Indian Ocean Water penetrates towards the Eastern Archipelago below 100 cl/t surface. The South Equatorial Countercurrent and the Tropical Countercurrent are well depicted on the vertical section of zonal components as well as on the distribution of acceleration potential.  相似文献   

Origin of the pyrophyllite-diaspore deposits of the Bundelkhand Complex,Central India   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

R. P. Sharma 《Mineralium Deposita》1979,14(3):343-352

Twenty three samples from the pyrophyllite-diaspore deposits have been investigated by x-ray diffraction and geochemical methods. The mineral assemblages belong to the K₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O system. Higher concentrations of Ti, Cr and Zr in the deposits as compared with the associated granites and gneisses suggest their laterite type parentage. Existing mineral assemblages are a result of low grade metamorphism (up to about 350°C) of the primary residual deposits containing a kaolinite - diaspore - quartz assemblage.  相似文献   

Use of landsat in mapping land-utilization of north maidan,Karnatka     

J. K. Sharma 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》1980,8(2):11-18

North Maidan consist of seven districts of North Karnataka. It is named after its relatively low and subdued relief or landscape of monoto-nous plateau. Most of the area lies in the rain shadow of the Western Ghats. The land utilization map shows majority of the area during December and January months is under agriculture with fallow land as the second largest category Large areas of North Maidan are under grassland which look barren by the beginning of summer. A total of nine landuse categories were delineated wifh the help of Landsat data.  相似文献   

Rapid computation of magnetic anomalies and demagnetization effects caused by bodies of arbitrary shape   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

P. Vallabh Sharma 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1966,64(1):89-109

Summary With the aid of formulae derived for the field caused by a finite rectangular prism, a machine method is developed for rapid computation of magnetic anomalies due to a body of any shape. Conversely, the method could be utilised for determination of the magnetization vector from the observed anomalies. An example is given to demonstrate the applicability, accuracy and speed of the method. The method is shown to be suitable also for the evaluation of magnetic terrain effects.In addition, a new method is presented which enables high speed calculation of demagnetization effect caused by a body of arbitrary shape where the magnetization in general may be inhomogeneous. Applicability and accuracy of the method are discussed. The method is applied to study the effect of susceptibility on inhomogeneity of the induced magnetization in a cube specimen.For a body of any shape with low susceptibility, a new concept of average demagnetization factor is introduced. Average demagnetization factors so calculated for a cylindrical specimen are tabulated.

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Zusammenfassung Unter Anwendung der Formeln für das Feld eines Quaders wird eine Methode entwickelt um die durch einen Körper beliebiger Form erzeugten magnetischen Anomalien mit Hilfe eines Rechenautomaten zu berechnen. Umgekehrt kann die Methode verwendet werden, um aus den beobachteten Anomalien den Magnetisierungsvektor zu bestimmen. An einem Beispiel wird die Anwendbarkeit, die Genauigkeit und die Schnelligkeit der Methode erläutert. Die Methode kann auch für die Berechnung von magnetischen Terraineffekten verwendet werden.Zudem wird eine neue Methode dargelegt, welche eine rasche Berechnung des Entmagnetisierungseffektes eines Körpers beliebiger Gestalt und inhomogener Magnetisierung ermöglicht. Anwendbarkeit und Genauigkeit der Methode werden besprochen. Die Methode wurde verwendet, um den Einfluss der Suszeptibilität auf die Inhomogenität der induzierten Magnetisierung in einem Würfel zu untersuchen.Für Körper beliebiger Form mit kleiner Suszeptibilität wls neuer Begriff der mittlere Entmagnetisierungsfaktor eingeführt. Mittlere Entmagnetisierungsfaktoren für eine zylindrische Probe werden tabelliert.

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Part I of the dissertation Theretical study of the magnetic attraction due to rock bodies and experimental investigation of the stability of rock magnetism submitted to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences.  相似文献   

Magnetic properties of some tertiary basalts from West Greenland     

P. Vallabh Sharma 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1976,114(2):195-206

Summary Measurements of bulk magnetic properties, including the natural remanent magnetization (NRM), susceptibility and the Königsberger ratio, on over 250 samples of Tertiary basalts from Disko and Nûgssuaq, West Greenland are reported.The NRM intensities in basalts (geometric mean value 3.3 A/m in SI units) were on average three to four times as large as the induced magnetization intensities. The susceptibilities (geometric mean value 2.1×10^–2 SI units) were much more uniform than the NRM intensities. In the majority of samples, the NRM was predominantly of reverse (R) polarity, but samples from a few sites showed a remanence of normal (N) polarity.The NRM of both polarity classes (N, R) was very stable against alternating field (AF) demagnetization with median destructive fields of the order of 20,000–30,000 A/m (250–350 Oe), comparable to those for many stable continental and oceanic basalts. The viscous remanence intensity, as studied by storage tests on some specimens, was found to be an insignificant fraction of the original NRM, except in few cases.The low field hysteresis loops (Rayleigh loops) were studied for some specimens. A qualitative association was noted between wide hysteresis loop and relatively low AF stability, but no correlation was apparent between the loop type and the Königsberger ratio (Q _n) of a specimen.Contribution no. 6 Institute of Geophysics, University of Copenhagen.  相似文献   

Deformational and crystallization history of the Precambrian rocks in north-central Aravalli Mountain,Rajasthan, India     

Ram S. Sharma 《Precambrian Research》1977,4(2):133-162

Large-scale structures, textures and mineral assemblages in the Precambrian rocks of the Banded Gneissic Complex and the overlying Delhi Group in north-central Aravalli Mountain reveal a complex deformational-crystallization history. In the basement Gneissic Complex at least three deformational events, D₀, D₁ and D₂, and two separate episodes of metamorphism, M₁ and M₂, are recognized. The supracrustal Delhi Rocks display only two phases of deformation, D₁ and D₂, associated with a single protracted period of metamorphism, M₂.The first phase of deformation (D₁) of the Delhi orogeny (1650-900 m.y.) produced large isoclinal folds that are overturned towards the southeast and have gentle plunges in NE and SW directions. The second phase of deformation (D₂) gave rise to tight open folds on the limbs and axial-plane surfaces of the D₁ folds. These folds generally plunge towards the N and NNW at 30°–80°. In the Basement Complex one more deformation (D₀) of the Pre-Delhi orogeny (> 2000 m.y.) is recorded by the presence of reclined and recumbent folds with W to WNW trending fold axes. The D₀ folds were superimposed by D₁ and D₂ folds during the Delhi orogeny.The three deformational events have been correlated with the crystallization periods of minerals in the rocks and a setting in time is established for this part of the Aravalli range.  相似文献   

Variation of δ18O, δD and 3H in karst springs of south Kashmir,western Himalayas (India)          下载免费PDF全文

Gh. Jeelani  U. Saravana Kumar  Nadeem A. Bhat  Suman Sharma  Bhishm Kumar 《水文研究》2015,29(4):522-530

Water samples were collected from cold and warm karst springs for stable isotopes (δ¹⁸O and δD) and ³H from SE of Kashmir valley (western Himalayas) to distinguish the sources of recharge and infer their recharge areas. The spring water samples were most depleted in heavier isotopes in May (average δ¹⁸O: ?8.87‰ and δD: ?50.3‰) and enriched in September (average δ¹⁸O: ?7.58‰ and δD: ?48.1‰). The depleted ¹⁸O and ²H of spring waters bear the signatures of winter precipitation while as the enriched ¹⁸O and ²H of spring waters bear the signature of summer rainfall. D‐excess and ³H corroborate with the stable isotope results that the spring flow in spring season (May) and autumn (September) is dominantly controlled by the melting of winter snowmelt and summer rainfall, respectively. The results showed that unlike δD, the δ¹⁸O value in the karst spring waters decreases in January suggesting δ¹⁸O shift. The spring water samples also fall above the Local Meteoric Water Line and Global Meteoric Water Line indicating the δ¹⁸O shift due to interaction of groundwater with the host carbonate rocks during its traverse. The mean elevation of the recharge areas of the springs using δ¹⁸O and δD tracers was also estimated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Assessment of Man-made and Natural Hazards in the Surroundings of Hydropower Projects under Construction in the Beas Valley of Northwestern Himalaya     

Sanjeev Sharma Jagdish C. Kuniyal J. C. Sharma 《山地科学学报》2007,4(3):221-236

Mountain ecosystem,on the earth,has plenty of natural resources. In Himachal Pradesh all the rivers are snowfed and therefore rich in water resources. These resources have been supporting enough for the generation of electricity through introducing hydropower projects since the last decade. However,every developmental activity has its own negative impacts on the surrounding environment. Due to the fragile nature of topography and delicacy of ecology of the Himalaya,it results in lot of disturbances because of high degree of human interferences like construction of major hydropower projects. The increased extent of geological hazards,such as landslides,rock fall and soil erosion,have mainly due to alike developmental interventions in the natural ecosystem. So understanding and analysing such impacts of the hydropower projects have mainly been on the environment in various forms but natural hazards have been frequent ones. The present study,therefore,focuses mainly on the Parbati Stage Ⅱ (800 MW) and the Parbati Stage Ⅲ (520 MW) hydropower projects; both of which fall within the Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh. Based on the perception survey of the local communities,the existing land use pattern,status of total acquired land of the residents by hydropower projects,frequent natural hazards and resultant loss to the local communities due to upcoming construction of hydropower projects surrounding to the Parbati Stage Ⅱ and Ⅲ have been analysed in the paper. Also,the preventive measures to mitigate these adverse impacts have been suggested to strengthen these projects in eco-friendly manner in the mountain context.  相似文献